Drug Abuse
What are drugs?
The Drug Foundation says a drug is a substance – solid, liquid or gas – that changes the functions or structures of the body in some way. It might change the way someone acts or thinks. This excludes food and water, which are required to maintain normal body functioning.
Almost everyone takes some kind of drug, perhaps to keep healthy or fight illness, but drugs can be harmful if misused – that’s why laws restrict their manufacture, distribution and use.
The drugs creating a health problem in New Zealand are those that affect a person’s central nervous system. They act on the brain and can change the way a person thinks, feels or behaves. These are called “psychoactive” drugs.
The harm from these drugs to individuals and the community are clear. Anyone using them can suffer from poor health, have distorted family and social interactions, psychological and emotional difficulties, legal and economic problems, and possibly death. The Drug Foundation says it’s important to remember that many people start and continue to use drugs to find relief and escape from problems.
There are three main types of drugs, classified by their effects on the central nervous system. These are depressants, hallucinogens and stimulants.
Depressants
Depressants slow down the functions of the central nervous system. They don’t necessarily make you feel depressed. Moderate amounts of depressants can make you feel relaxed. Some depressants cause euphoria and a sense of calm and well-being. They may be used to “wind down” or to reduce anxiety, stress or inhibition. Examples include alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, and opiates.
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens change the way you perceive or experience the world. You might see or hear things that don’t exist. They can affect your thinking, sense of time and emotions. Effects can include panic, paranoia and loss of contact with reality. In extreme cases, this can result in dangerous behaviour, like walking into traffic or jumping off a roof. Examples include LSD and ecstasy.
Stimulants
Stimulants speed up or stimulate the central nervous system and can make you feel more awake, alert and confident. They increase heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. They also reduce appetite, dilate pupils, and lead to talkativeness, agitation and sleep disturbance. Large quantities of stimulants can cause anxiety, panic, seizures, headaches, stomach cramps, aggression and paranoia. Examples include cocaine, methamphetamine, speed, party pills and even caffeine.
Reducing the risks
Statistically New Zealand has some of the highest rates of drug use in the world (2019 United Nations World Drug Report).
Cannabis use is particularly high, largely because we have ideal growing conditions and it doesn’t need to be imported. The UN report showed between 9.1 and 14.6 percent of the population used cannabis, compared to an estimated 2.6 to 5 percent worldwide.
Our relatively high use of drugs has created a health issue that is being dealt with through police enforcement and border security; legislation to make it more difficult to get raw materials – such as making pseudoephedrine prescription only (which can be used to make the drug methamphetamine); and education through organisations such as the New Zealand Drug Foundation and the police drug education in schools (CHOICE) programme.
The statistics are not necessarily gloomy. There are some positive signs, such as a reduction in the number of young people using drugs. Recent publicity about drug use in high-level sport also helps to portray drugs as socially unacceptable.
Programmes such as CAYAD (Community Action Youth and Drugs – www.cayad.org.nz), and needle exchange programmes are playing a positive role in reducing drug use in our communities.
The New Zealand Government's drug policy is based on harm minimisation. This is aimed at reducing drug-related harm to the community and individual drug users. Ways of doing that include encouraging nonuse, through to providing the means for users to use drugs with fewer risks.
Remember: there is no safe level of illegal drug use.
The New Zealand Police aim at reducing the supply of illegal, harmful drugs. Dealing in and using such drugs is illegal, and it supports criminal activity. If caught, you can be prosecuted and convicted. A conviction could make life awkward for you if you try to enter another country. That's the least that can happen. Supplying and dealing a class A drug could result in your being locked up for 25 years.
The good, the bad, and the ugly
Drugs can be good, bad and ugly. We sometimes need good drugs to help fight illness or ease our physical and emotional pain. They are made to a standard that is monitored and we know what we are getting. They result from painstaking development over many years. The labelling is on the packet and they are sold over the counter as reputable brands. Sometimes they need a doctor's prescription and are issued by a pharmacist. They are the good drugs... but this article is more concerned with the bad and ugly drugs. These drugs are addictive, have all sorts of unknown ingredients, and can be dangerous - even fatal.
They are associated with crime. Some drug-related offences are now being viewed as a significant social threat to the country. These activities are having an unprecedented effect on health, jobs, productivity and community cohesion in New Zealand.
Cannabis remains the third-most used drug in New Zealand after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis-related offences are down from what they were, but non-cannabis drug crimes, which include amphetamine-type substances, are up.
The movement from cannabis to synthetics began in the late 90s. In 2000 the Police saw significant changes as methamphetamines, ecstasy and GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate, also known as fantasy or the date-rape drug) became widely available.
These "party" drugs can be made at home, the ingredients are readily available and they are very addictive. The chemicals are usually made in China and groups that are known as Triads, in cooperation with New Zealand gangs, are often the importers. New Zealand is a prime target in the international drugs trade because the market is so lucrative. The gangs control the trade to ensure that competition is minimal and prices are kept high.
Legal implications
Under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1975), illegal drugs are in three classes.
Class A drugs include heroin, homebake, speed, P, cocaine, LSD, and magic mushrooms. The penalties for importing, supplying and dealing in these drugs include life imprisonment. Possession can get you one year jail time or a $1000 fine, or both.
Class B drugs include methadone, morphine, GHB, and ecstasy. Some Class B drugs become Class A when prepared for injection. The maximum penalty for dealing, supplying or importing Class B drugs is 14 years, for Class C drugs, eight years. All drug profits, including cash, car and your property, can be seized.
Class C drugs include cannabis, and prescribed drugs such as benzodiazepines or those that contain pseudoephedrine, the main ingredient in locally made speed. Ketamine and amyl are controlled under the Medicines Act. Possessing Class B and C drugs can earn three months imprisonment or a $500 fine or both. Possession also covers letting your car or house be used for using, selling or making drugs.
Dealing is "possession for the purpose of supply or sale". Sharing with friends technically makes you a dealer. You don't have to profit or get money to be a real dealer. Giving a pill to a friend, say for their birthday, is dealing.
Drugs and driving
It is illegal to drive while under the influence of any drug. Breaking this law carries heavy penalties, including disqualification, fines and even imprisonment. A pharmacist can give advice on what prescription and over-the-counter drugs affect driving.
Relapse
Relapse is the return to substance abuse after being drug- or alcohol-free. It’s not uncommon for people who struggle with addictions to relapse after completing treatment, and it doesn’t mean treatment failed. In fact, nearly half of those who suffer from drug or alcohol addiction relapse during their recovery. Relapse does, however, indicate that additional and/or different treatment is required. Understanding relapse, triggers, and treatment are critical steps in relapse prevention.
Relapse Triggers
Certain internal or external cues can activate the urge to drink or use drugs, increasing the risk of relapse. While triggers are unique to individuals, some common ones include:
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Anger
- Peer Pressure
- Fatigue
- Loneliness
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Insomnia
- Relationship issues
- Drug paraphernalia
- Certain physical settings, sights, and smells
The stages of relapse
- Emotional Relapse: During this stage, the individual is not necessarily thinking about having a drink or using drugs, but they’re neglecting self-care. They might start to bottle up emotions, isolate themselves from others, eat poorly, and not sleep well.
- Mental Relapse: This stage becomes an internal tug-of-war and includes cravings for drugs and alcohol; nostalgic feelings for the people, places, and things associated with alcohol and drug use; and lying to themselves about the consequences that come with it.
- Physical Relapse: At this point, drinking and/or drug use begins and quickly escalates to an uncontrollable level.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), as one of the mainstays of modern addiction treatment, is an effective tool for promoting relapse prevention and increased abstinence. CBT investigates the relationship between a person's thoughts and actions, and the therapy can help modify negative thought patterns, thereby positively affecting behaviour.
Effective treatment plans are tailored to each individual. Relapse prevention and other treatment strategies may take into account the individual's environment, level of motivation, the severity of their addiction, co-occurring medical and mental health conditions, and other factors.
See here for how to get help: https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/services-and-support/health-care-services/help-alcohol-and-drug-problems/community-treatment-services
Tips for minimising the risks of relapse
Relapse prevention is not out of an individual's control outside of treatment. Individuals in recovery who practise self-care, seek help, are honest, follow rules, and modify potentially harmful habits may benefit from relapse prevention.. Here are some strategies to try:
- Eat a healthy diet.
- Get quality sleep. Insomnia, sleep disturbances, and fatigue are commonly associated with both substance use and withdrawal. Not getting enough sleep can be a potential trigger for relapse.
- Exercise regularly. Though studies that have evaluated the impact of physical activity on the prevention and reduction of drinking and drug use behaviour have netted somewhat mixed results, few would argue against exercise being a healthy outlet for stress reduction and overall wellness.
- Consider other complementary and holistic methods for managing stress naturally, like yoga and meditation.
- Surround yourself with positive and supportive people.
- Ask for help when needed.
- Be completely honest with those in your recovery circle, including family members, doctors, counsellors, self-help group participants, and sponsors.
- Attend all therapy and counselling sessions.
- Take any prescribed medications or supplements as directed.
- Avoid people, places, or things that are tied to previous drug or alcohol use.
- Take up a creative hobby, like painting, sculpting, writing, dancing, or playing an instrument.
- Keep the mind occupied.
Source: https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/relapse-prevention
There are many rehabilitation centres across New Zealand including:
- Te Nikau Training Centre in Paraparaumu https://www.freedomlife.org.nz/
- Red Door Recovery Limited http://reddoorrecovery.co.nz/
- The Turning Point NZ in Auckland https://www.theturningpoint.co.nz/
- PGF Services in Wellington https://www.pgf.nz/
- The Difference Rehab https://www.thedifferencerehab.co.nz/
- The Retreat NZ https://www.theretreatnz.org.nz/
You can find many more by simply googling ‘Addiction Treatment Centres NZ’.
There is also an app available that provides evidence-based and up-to-date resources about crystal methamphetamine (ice). https://positivechoices.org.au/teachers/cracks-in-the-ice-app
Another app is ‘Alcohol and your brain’ which features a high-quality, 7-minute video on the effects of alcohol on the brain and body. It covers topics such as standard drinks, the metabolization of alcohol by the body, and how blood alcohol concentration is affected by factors such as gender, weight, food and prescription and illicit drugs. The app also contains a quiz, so users can test what they have learned. https://positivechoices.org.au/teachers/alcohol-and-your-brain
How to avoid Fentanyl overdoses while going out
People use drugs for a variety of reasons, but one in particular is that they make them feel good, however, some people will use them in dangerous ways. This necessitates harm reduction, a set of strategies and ideas aimed at minimising the negative consequences of drug use while also advancing the rights and respect of drug users. Shaming people for using drugs will only make matters worse by driving them away from the resources and support that will keep them alive.
The drug market is a risky market for them, with no guarantees of quality or safety. Substances in powder form, such as cocaine or meth, and pill form, such as Xanax or Adderall, have become increasingly contaminated with fentanyl, a very strong opioid that only requires a small amount to cause an overdose. Overdoses from fentanyl have been increasing at an exponential rate over the last decade, and they are likely to have increased during the pandemic.
While this may sound frightening, it's important to remember that overdoses are avoidable, and you can take precautions and gather supplies to keep yourself and your friends safe before a night out. Whether you've used drugs before or not, here are some tips on how to party safely.
What is Fentanyl?
Opioids are a class of drugs that interact with opioid receptors in the brain to reduce pain; they can also cause euphoria. As the demand for heroin, oxycodone, and other opioids has increased over the last two decades, drug traffickers have sought cheaper alternatives.
While some opioids, such as heroin, can be made from naturally occuring compounds in the opium poppy, fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, which means it can be made more cheaply in secret laboratories using chemicals. Because fentanyl is a white powder with no discernible flavour or odour, many drug traffickers have mixed small amounts of it into their supplies of other opioids in order to sell more of it.
As fentanyl use has increased, it has been accidentally or intentionally mixed in with other illegal drugs such as cocaine, resulting in a contaminated drug supply. Because fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, it only takes a small amount to cause an overdose, especially if you've never used an opioid before or aren't expecting to use one.
How Do I Use Fentanyl Test Strips?
It can be difficult to tell if drugs have been contaminated with fentanyl simply by looking at them or tasting them. Fentanyl test strips are simple tools for determining whether the substance is present in your drugs. In a few minutes, dissolve a small amount of your supply in water, dip the test strip, and you'll have a result. If you see a single red line, you have a positive test and fentanyl in your system. If you see two red lines, it means you have a negative test and your supply of fentanyl may be depleted. False negative results can occur when a drug sample contains fentanyl but a test fails to detect it, so caution is advised.
Despite the fact that fentanyl test strips are simple to use, inexpensive, and have been shown to help prevent overdoses, they are not as widely available as they should be. The most common tests are the BTNX Rapid Response strips-they can be purchased from The Hemp Store or the Dancesafe store online. They normally come in packs of 10 and are inexpensive and easy to use.
What Is Naloxone and Why Would One Carry It?
Naloxone is a drug that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. It is available as a spray to be sprayed into someone's nose or as a shot to be injected into someone's muscle. Carrying naloxone is a good idea if you or those you're with are using drugs that could lead to an opioid overdose — and it could save a life.
Naloxone has a shelf life of one to two years, but any naloxone is preferable to none. Even if it has passed its expiration date, recent research suggests that it may still be effective decades after purchase if stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Remember, we're all here to have fun. Whether you use drugs or not, there is no need to pass judgement on how others enjoy themselves. Because people who overdose cannot administer naloxone to themselves, you should consider designating someone as your "sober buddy" for the night. If you're in a group and all intend to use, take turns calling 111 and administering naloxone if someone overdoses.
What Do I Do If Someone Unintentionally Overdoses?Unintentional overdoses are an unfortunate consequence of living in a world with a tainted drug supply. The good news is that opioid overdoses can be reversed, which means that many fatal overdoses can be avoided. Because they can happen quickly, you should call 111 and act quickly if you suspect someone is overdosing.
Someone who is overdosing may be unresponsive, which means they do not respond to your voice when you try to wake them up. Another red flag is if they appear pale or have blue fingernails and lips.
Call 111 if someone overdoses. After dialling 111, begin administering rescue breaths by tilting their head back and breathing twice into their mouth with their nose pinched shut. Then, every five to six seconds, take a deep breath.
Then, if you have it, give naloxone. To administer nasal naloxone, remove the cap from the naloxone before firmly spraying half of the naloxone into the person's nose. Rep with the other half in the opposite nostril. Because fentanyl is so potent, you may need to administer more than one dose. If the person does not respond within two to three minutes, administer a second dose if one is available. Place the person on their side in the recovery position, with their body supported by a bent knee. Stay with the person until first responders arrive and can give more naloxone or provide other medical assistance.
When dialling 111, instead of mentioning drug use or the word "overdose," you might say that someone is "not responsive" or "not breathing." You should always provide as much information about where they can find you and the overdosing person as possible, and you should notify 111 if naloxone was administered. Even if naloxone can be used to reverse an overdose, it is critical to have medical professionals evaluate someone who has experienced one due to the risk of other complications that an overdose can cause, such as heart problems and pneumonia.
Drugs and pregnancy
Drug use is an important aspect of a woman’s health during pregnancy. Drugs that are of concern include alcohol, tobacco, P, cannabis, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, tranquillisers and sleeping pills, pain-killers, LSD, ecstasy, and glues and aerosols.
Some prescription drugs can be a problem during pregnancy, so discuss this with your doctor as soon as you know you’re pregnant. Drugs can be harmful to a developing child throughout the pregnancy, but the first three months is considered the time of most risk because the baby’s main organs and limbs are forming.
All supplies of nutrients, water and oxygen pass from the mother to the baby through the placenta. All drugs taken during pregnancy will reach the baby through the placenta. How babies respond to these drugs varies.
Each baby, for reasons that are not clear, seems to have its own response to different drugs. Mothers can use the same drugs in the same amount for the same duration or length of a pregnancy and the babies can react differently. Something in each baby appears to allow that to occur. You might know someone who has had a healthy baby even though she took drugs during her pregnancy. You cannot assume that your baby will be healthy if you take drugs during your pregnancy. Nobody can predict how a baby will be affected.
Ante-natal checks – the visits you make to the doctor, hospital, or community health centre while you are pregnant – are important. The best way to avoid or reduce complications and the risk to the baby is to have good ante-natal care. Women who attend antenatal visits throughout the pregnancy run fewer risks of obstetric complications. At these appointments you could discuss with the doctor or midwife any drugs you might be taking. The information you give them will be confidential whether you are discussing legal or illegal drugs.
Effects on pregnancy
Mothers taking drugs or alcohol tend to go into premature labour, their babies often arriving more than six weeks early. Overall, babies born to mothers who are using drugs or alcohol are smaller than the average baby.
Low birth-weight babies often have breathing difficulties and are more vulnerable to infections. The baby needs to be carefully monitored at ante-natal visits. Ultrasound assesses the baby’s growth and other tests check that the placenta continues to work well.
Withdrawal is the body’s reaction to going without drugs on which it has depended to feel normal. Babies whose mothers have taken drugs during pregnancy might suffer withdrawal. This will depend on the drug, the dose, the purity, how often it’s used and the woman’s general health. A baby can suffer withdrawal during the pregnancy and after birth.
There are common signs and symptoms of drug withdrawal in a new-born baby. Withdrawal often develops after the first 24 hours of life. The babies are agitated and irritable, difficult to settle and suck poorly. They often have diarrhea and scratch themselves; sometimes hiccup and cough.
Withdrawal can be so severe that the babies have convulsions if not treated. In about 75 percent of cases the only treatment required is supportive care – that is, soothing the baby by bathing more often and feeding frequently. The baby is wrapped tightly in blankets to make him/her feel secure. If the irritability is extreme the baby might need medication.
Although some drugs are excreted into breast milk, breast-feeding might still be the right choice to make for feeding your baby.
One important reason to consider breast-feeding is the bonding that it can encourage.
Methamphetamine (P)
Methamphetamine is a powerfully addictive Class A drug. It is closely related to amphetamines but has a greater effect on the central nervous system. It works by releasing the brain chemical dopamine, stimulating brain cells, enhancing mood and body movement. Methamphetamine is a neurotoxin, which means that it damages the neurons that produce the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin.
Street names for methamphetamine include speed, meth, pure or P, chalk, crank, crystal, ice, glass, crystal meth, sketch, go, junk, wake up, zoom, tweak and dope. It can be snorted (inhaled through the nose), smoked, injected or eaten. Each way of taking it produces different highs for the user. Immediately after smoking the drug or injecting it intravenously the user gets a feeling of intense pleasure or rush, which lasts for a few minutes. Snorting or swallowing causes euphoria, but not a rush, and produces effects within 15-20 minutes.
The pleasurable rush disappears quickly. Other effects might last between eight to 24 hours and include: increased alertness, sense of well-being, paranoia, hallucinations, aggressive and violent behaviour, increased heart rate, convulsions and/or uncontrollable twitching, jerking, extreme rise in body temperature (as high as 42.2C, which can cause brain damage and death), insomnia, impaired speech, dry, itchy skin, loss of appetite, acne, sores, and numbness.
The long-term effects make for sobering reading. They include fatal kidney and lung disorders, brain damage, depression, hallucinations, permanent psychological problems, violent and aggressive behaviour, weight loss, insomnia, behaviour resembling paranoid schizophrenia, malnutrition, poor ability to cope, lowered resistance to illness, liver damage, stroke and death.
The pleasure is short-lived so users often try to maintain the high by bingeing on the drug. P causes a severe crash after the effects wear off. The crash is more intense and longer lasting than for amphetamine, Speed and cocaine. The effects are not only long-lasting but continue to cause damage long after drug use has stopped.
Addiction is strong. The brain responds to P by releasing an enzyme to knock out the extra dopamine that has been produced. With repeated use, the enzymes kill the nerve endings of the dopamine cell. In other words, the brain cannot register pleasure and satisfaction as it did before P. So users need the drug to feel pleasure, or simply to overcome the feelings of withdrawal.
Chronic use can lead to derangement with auditory hallucinations (i.e. hearing "voices") and extreme paranoia. Unlike cocaine psychosis, it does not pass rapidly. It can last for weeks. P psychosis is common in high doses. About one-third of heavy users suffer hallucinations and hear voices. They get nervous and agitated and are prone to violence.
Injecting carries other risks. Sharing needles with others, reusing injecting equipment and not disposing of them correctly lead to an increased risk of contracting Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV.
P in your neighbourhood
The illegal making and distribution of P is big business in New Zealand. Gangs are prominent but so are other people, motivated by the quick making process and high financial returns. The process is dangerous and so are many of the people engaged in it.
P is made in houses, motel units, sheds, caravans and even in car boots. Most of the people who make it – or cooks as they are known – have extensive criminal histories. They often keep loaded firearms handy during cooking and, after prolonged exposure to the drug and chemicals, might not be rational to deal with.
The chemicals used can become explosive and/or give off toxic fumes that attack skin, eyes, and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and can cause death. They pose a significant safety risk for the Police, Environmental Science and Research and other emergency personnel engaged in the investigation and clean-up.
The people engaged in the making don't generally observe safe chemical handling and disposal practices, and usually have only a very basic knowledge of the chemical process.
Every kilogram of manufactured P produces 7 - 10kg of toxic by-product. This is either flushed down toilets or dumped – quite often in residential neighbourhoods. The fumes are highly explosive as well as deadly if inhaled.
Buildings can be contaminated. Many of the stains from the chemical process contain cancer-causing substances that can affect later occupiers.
How to spot a P laboratory
If you suspect people are making or supplying P, report it to Police. If you find a drug lab, keep your distance from it and call the Police immediately on 111. If it is safe to do so, keep watching and write down a description of the people and their vehicles.
Chemicals and common products used in making P include: lithium, red phosphorus, salt, methanol, sulphuric acid, ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, alcohol, veterinary products, alkaline batteries, matches, rock salt, car fuel system cleaners, drain and grease cleaners, Sudafed, paint-thinners, and allergy products.
Any one of the following from this list of common occurrences or tell-tale signs might not mean that drug dealing or production is occurring, but some or several happening together might indicate a problem:
- Frequent visitors at all times of the day or night.
- Frequent late night activity.
- Windows blackened out or curtains always drawn.
- Visitors with expensive vehicles.
- Unfriendly people, appearing secretive about their activities.
- People watching cars suspiciously when they pass by.
- Appearing to be paranoid by exhibiting odd behaviour such as an extensive investment in home security.
- Strange odours coming from house or rubbish.
- Rubbish has numerous bottles and containers, especially chemical containers.
- Putting rubbish out in another neighbours' collection area.
Survey shows serious abuse
A survey called The Socio-Economic Impact of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) in New Zealand was conducted in 2001 for the Police by the Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Massey University, in Auckland. The results were issued in 2004. ATS's are illicit synthetic drug types that include methamphetamine, ecstasy and crystal methamphetamine (known as ice).
The research showed that ATS's were now serious drugs of abuse in New Zealand. In 2001, one in 10 New Zealanders aged 18–29, or about 100,000 people, had used an ATS drug in the last year. About one-third of these were frequent users (defined as having used six times or more in the previous year). The illegal trade in ATS drugs in New Zealand is of the equivalent dollar value – $168.3 million – as the illicit trade in cannabis. It might have effectively doubled the dollar value of the illegal trade in drugs in New Zealand in less than 10 years.
The evidence suggests we are witnessing a drugs epidemic.
The survey reveals that ATS users were mainly male and aged 18–29; the heaviest among them aged 20–24. Users mostly were in full-time work, were in professional occupations, earned good money and were well-educated. Many, including frequent users, were European. Users mainly were urban-dwellers, in the upper half of the North Island and in Auckland.
40% of frequent users of methamphetamine reported existing mental health problems, including tendencies to self-harm. About two-thirds of users said methamphetamine increased their psychological problems such as anxiety, mood swings, short temper, paranoia and depression, and suicidal thoughts (21%) and attempts (13%).
93% of the frequent methamphetamine users interviewed believed P to be "more harmful" or "much more harmful" than cannabis.
About half of frequent users interviewed reported harm in "friendship and social life" (55%), "health" (55%), and "energy and vitality" (53%). Other "harms" that frequent users most often rated as "very serious" or "extremely serious" were to "work and work opportunities", "outlook on life", and "friendship and social life".
Frequent P users were often engaged in other illegal activities such as drug dealing and making. One-third of users interviewed had sold P and about one in five had made it or exchanged it for stolen property.
About half of amphetamine buyers had contacted their drug dealers by mobile phone or texting; nearly two-thirds of cannabis buyers visited a house or flat. All the amphetamine sellers reported selling only to "close friends and family members", whereas cannabis sellers sold at least "some" of their cannabis to "casual acquaintances" and "complete strangers".
ATS users commonly combined their drug-taking with high-potency cannabis, LSD, magic mushrooms, cocaine, GHB, Ketamine, Rush and tranquillisers
Broader market noticed
Since that survey in 2001, the Police have noticed that P has been "marketed" away from dance party-goers and motorcycle gangs to broader society, particularly poorer groups, teenagers and traditional cannabis users. Some dealers also lace cannabis with P to increase the attractiveness.
The typical dollar amount spent each time on amphetamine by users arrested in 2001 was $350 compared with only $20 for cannabis. New Zealand has the highest drug prices in the world. A "tinny" of cannabis in New Zealand, which is well-suited to growing the plant, costs $20 and in other countries, the same quantity might cost 50c.
Another survey of methamphetamine use in New Zealand was undertaken in November and December of 2003. The information came from drug treatment workers, Police and Customs drug enforcement officers.
Some key trends emerged:
- Methamphetamine was readily available.
- A greater cross-section of society is now using P.
- Methamphetamine sales are being made from cannabis "tinny houses".
- P is being marketing to poorer groups of people.
- Methamphetamine users have increased drug dealing.
- Violence and property crime is associated with P use.
- Serious violence and family violence is linked to methamphetamine.
- More P users are coming to the attention of the Police and drug treatment.
- Smoking methamphetamine is becoming more popular, as opposed to the previous tradition of snorting.
- P is now being injected.
- The prevalence of pure crystal forms of methamphetamine as opposed to cut powder.
Class A drugs
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens, also known as "psychedelic" drugs, change how a person perceives the world. Hallucinogens markedly affect all the senses and cause hallucinations – seeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted. A person's thinking, sense of time and emotions can also be altered.
There are many different kinds of hallucinogens. Some occur naturally, in trees, vines, seeds, fungi and leaves; others are made in laboratories. Hallucinogens include LSD, magic mushrooms, mescaline, PCP (phencyclidine), cannabis (in high quantities) and ecstasy.
Naturally occurring hallucinogens have been used since ancient times by various cultures throughout the world, particularly North and South American Indians, for their mystical and spiritual associations. They became fashionable in America and Europe in the 1960s. Very few people use hallucinogens today.
LSD
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogenic drug. In its pure form, it’s a colourless, odourless and mildly bitter powder. It’s one of the most commonly used hallucinogens in New Zealand. During the 1960s LSD became the hippies' drug of choice. Since then its use has declined, but there is some recent evidence of increased popularity. LSD is diluted from its crystalline form and usually comes in the form of liquid, tablets or capsules, squares of gelatine or blotting paper (paper soaked in the liquid to produce “tabs” of acid). It can be swallowed, sniffed, injected or smoked. LSD will distort a user’s reality. It is very potent: small amounts cause strong effects. Their senses and emotions will be heightened and a “trip” can last up to 12 hours. Because it’s difficult to tell the potency of a dose, the effects can be variable and unpredictable. A bad trip can cause the user to feel like they have things crawling on their skin, lose control of their emotions or feel like they have lost their grip on reality. People who have existing mental health issues can also be at risk from LSD use because it can exacerbate symptoms of their illness or trigger LSD psychosis. Although LSD is not thought to be addictive, a person can become psychologically dependent, relying on using it in certain situations.
Cocaine
Cocaine is a drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant, which is found mainly in Peru and Bolivia. It is a stimulant because it speeds up the functions of the central nervous system – the messages going to and from the brain. It comes as a crystal white powder and has the scientific name cocaine hydrochloride.
Cocaine can be injected, snorted, or even converted to a freebase form and smoked. It is sometimes known as C, coke, flake, nose candy, snow, dust, white, white lady, toot, crack, rock, or freebase. It is inhaled (snorted) through the nose, or injected. It can also be converted to an alkaloid form through a process known as freebasing, which allows it to be smoked. Cocaine hydrochloride cannot otherwise be smoked, because the drug is destroyed at high temperatures.
Crack is a very pure form of freebase cocaine sold as crystals or rocks. Crack is smoked in pipes or in cigarettes, mixed with tobacco or marijuana. Crack has rarely been seen in New Zealand.
Cocaine might be mixed, or "cut", with other substances such as sugar, baking soda and talcum powder to increase profits. This increases the risk of harmful or unpleasant effects.
Many people have had the following effects shortly after taking cocaine: physiological arousal, including increased body temperature and heart rate; exhilaration; anxiety; feelings of well-being; decreased hunger; panic; poor concentration and judgment; indifference to pain and fatigue; feelings of great physical strength and mental capacity; enlarged pupils; sexual arousal; unpredictable and/or violent behaviour. The effects of cocaine peak after 15 to 30 minutes, and then diminish.
Using greater quantities of cocaine repeatedly over several hours can lead to extreme agitation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, tremors, unpredictable violent/aggressive behaviour; loss of: concentration, co-ordination, interest in sex, ambition and motivation; heart pain, heart attack, paranoid psychosis, increased body temperature, rapid, irregular and shallow breathing.
People who have used cocaine over longer periods tend to take it in stronger quantities – binges interrupted by crashes. A user might try to end the binge by taking a depressant drug such as alcohol, benzodiazepines (benzos), or heroin. The binge is followed by the crash – intense depression, lethargy and hunger.
The unpleasant effects of cocaine increase with more frequent, long-term use. Most symptoms will go once cocaine use ceases.
Heroin
Heroin is an opiate. Opiates are a group of drugs known as “downers” derived from the sticky resin of the opium poppy seed-pod. They also include opium, morphine, methadone, codeine and pethidine. Fortunately, heroin use is relatively low in New Zealand.
Class B drugs
Ecstasy
Ecstasy is a street term for drugs similar in structure to MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine). It is similar in structure and effect to amphetamines and hallucinogens. Ecstasy is also known as E, XTC, eccy and the love drug. It’s often referred to as the “love drug” because it can induce empathy, euphoria, and a closeness and openness to others.
Ecstasy is illegal, and its ingredients are often hard to get, so makers might substitute a variety of substances. You might buy Ecstasy containing little MDMA. Like other illegally made drugs, such as speed, the strength and hygiene of the drug is uncontrolled. Ecstasy is often cut with other substances such as methamphetamine, caffeine and BZP.
This increases the chances of a person overdosing, being poisoned or having other adverse reactions.
Ecstasy usually comes in the form of small white or yellow-to-brown tablets of various sizes, shapes and designs. Swallowing is the most common way to use it, even though it can taste foul. Ecstasy tablets can be crushed and snorted. They can be inserted into the anus from where the drug is absorbed. Injecting Ecstasy has recently become more popular.
Because Ecstasy is commonly taken before or during dance or rave parties, the stimulant effects are likely to increase. The user might be more prone to prolonged and vigorous dancing, increasing some of the dangers listed below.
People having any of the following conditions put themselves at greater risk of physical and psychological harm by taking Ecstasy: hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, liver problems, epilepsy, a history of mental illness or panic attacks. Immediate effects can include increased heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure; increased confidence; jaw-clenching, teeth-grinding; feelings of well-being; nausea; feelings of closeness to others, hence the term Love Drug; anxiety; loss of appetite; and, sweating.
These effects usually begin within 20 minutes of taking the drug and might last up to six hours. Some people have reported symptoms persisting for 32 hours.
The effects usually go through three phases:
- Coming up – where the effects can be smooth and bumpy, and users might feel a rush.
- The plateau – where the user might feel happy and relaxed.
- Coming down – where users might feel physically exhausted, depressed and irritable.
Signs are usually a very high body temperature and blood pressure, hallucinations and a faster heartbeat. This is especially dangerous for those who have an existing heart condition, breathing problems, and for people with depression or any other psychological disorder.
Death can result under three distinct circumstances:
- The stimulant effect: resulting in heart attack or brain haemorrhage.
- Overheating: the combination of Ecstasy and prolonged and vigorous dancing raises the body temperature dangerously. Because it is often taken in hot, humid venues, such as rave or dance parties, the risk of death by overheating (hyperthermia) is further increased.
- Drinking too much: it is important not to drink too much water all at once. Several people have died after their brain swelled from the excess fluid intake, inducing a coma.
Sip water regularly rather than all at once. If dancing, drink about 500ml an hour; if inactive drink 250ml an hour. Wearing light, loose clothing and taking regular rests from dancing (15 minutes after every hour of dancing) will help reduce the risk of overheating. Check that the body has cooled down, breathing and heart rate are back to normal and that you are feeling OK.
The following are important signs to watch out for: starting to feel very hot, unwell, and confused; not being able to talk properly; headache; vomiting; not being able to urinate or noticing that urine is thick and dark; not sweating, even when dancing; heart rate or pulse not slowing even when resting; fainting, collapsing, convulsing.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines (more commonly known as speed) belong to a group of drugs called psychostimulants which stimulate the central nervous system. Amphetamines speed up the messages going to and from the brain to the body. Most amphetamines are produced in backyard laboratories and sold illegally. It usually appears as a whitish yellow powder, and occasionally in liquid. People who buy amphetamines illegally are sometimes buying these drugs mixed with other substances that can have unpleasant or harmful effects.
People use speed for various reasons: getting high to dance and party all night is one of them. It can help you stay awake for long periods of time. Some use it to do better in sport or at work, or to boost their self-confidence.
Amphetamines can reduce tiredness and increase endurance. For medical purposes, they are prescribed to treat narcolepsy (where a person has an uncontrollable urge to sleep) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They are most commonly swallowed, injected (methamphetamine) or smoked. They are also "snorted".
The body's activity accelerates – heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure increase. A dry mouth, increased sweating, enlargement of the eye's pupils and headaches might occur, too. Users might feel energetic and full of confidence, with a heightened sense of wellbeing. Other effects include feeling wide awake and alert, becoming talkative, restless and excited, and having difficulty sleeping. The user might also get panic attacks. Reduced appetite is another effect.
Some users become anxious, irritable, hostile and aggressive. Sometimes people feel a sense of power and superiority over others.
Most amphetamines sold illegally contain a mixture of pure amphetamines and other substances such as sugar, glucose, bicarbonate of soda and ephedrine. These additives can be highly poisonous. They can cause collapsed veins, tetanus, abscesses and damage to the heart, lungs, liver and brain. Because users don't know whether they are using 5% or 50% pure amphetamines, it is easy to overdose by accident.
Very high quantities of amphetamines can cause paleness, headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, irregular heartbeat, stomach cramps, sweating, restlessness, irregular breathing and loss of coordination. Some users have collapsed after taking amphetamines. High quantities can also create an "amphetamine psychosis", characterised by paranoid delusions, hallucinations and aggressive or violent behaviour.
Some users have had strokes, heart failure, seizures and high body temperature. Some have died. Injecting runs a greater risk of overdosing because large amounts of the drug flood the bloodstream and quickly goes to the brain.
As the effects wear off, a user might experience symptoms including uncontrolled violence, tension, radical mood swings, depression, and total exhaustion. Regular use of amphetamines might result in chronic sleeping problems, anxiety and tension, high blood pressure, and a rapid and irregular heartbeat.
To combat these drug-related effects, users often take alcohol, benzodiazepines, other sedatives/hypnotics, cannabis and available opiates. Taking other drugs to cope with some of the undesirable effects of amphetamines can result in a "roller-coaster" dependence on several drugs. For example, some people need amphetamines to get them going each day, and benzodiazepines to get them to sleep each night. This type of dependence can lead to a variety of serious physical and psychological problems.
GHB
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), also known as fantasy, grievous bodily harm (GBH), liquid ecstasy and liquid E, is classed as a depressant drug that contains sedative and, at sufficient doses, anaesthetic properties.
GHB occurs naturally in the body as a neurochemical compound. It was first made in 1960 and has been used in several countries as a general anaesthetic and for treatment of the sleep disorders insomnia and narcolepsy.
More recently, GHB is being trialled as a treatment for alcohol and opiate (eg heroin) withdrawal. GHB commonly comes as a colourless, odourless, bitter or salty-tasting liquid usually sold in small bottles or vials. It also comes as a crystal powder. It is mostly taken orally. Makers can change the colour of GHB by adding food dye.
An increasing number of people in the dance/club scene are using GHB for its euphoric and sedative effects. GHB has been linked to "date-rape drug" incidents.
The effects of GHB appear to vary greatly according to the amount used. A small increase in amount can result in a dramatic increase in effect. One of the most dangerous aspects of using GHB is the small difference between an amount that produces the desired effect and the amount that results in overdose.
Another risk with GHB is that there is often no way to be sure that the drug is made correctly. The drug could contain other substances that can have unpleasant or harmful effects, and are of unknown purity. That poses a risk of great harm. Improperly made GHB might result in an extremely toxic mixture of GHB and the chemical sodium hydroxide.
Generally, the effects of GHB are felt in 15 minutes and last for about three hours. Effects of lower amounts might include a sense of well-being, relaxation, drowsiness, induced sleep, nausea, increased confidence and reduced inhibitions, dizziness, headache, greater sense of touch.
A greater amount or stronger GHB might cause confusion, agitation, extreme drowsiness/grogginess, hallucinations, difficulty focusing eyes, vomiting, stiffening of muscles, disorientation, convulsions/seizures, unconsciousness or abrupt short-term coma, respiratory collapse, amnesia (afterwards), impaired movement and speech.
Using GHB with another depressant, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines (e.g. valium), or opiates, (e.g. heroin), will increase the risk of overdosing. Some people can become addicted to GHB. You can become physically and psychologically addicted if it’s used regularly. The risk of overdose is high because it can be difficult to judge the potency.
Class C drugs
Cannabis
Cannabis comes from the cannabis sativa plant. It is the most commonly used illicit drug in New Zealand. A recent drug use survey (Ministry of Health 2007–08) found that 46.4 percent of people aged 16–64 have used cannabis in their lifetime. Cannabis is illegal to grow, sell, distribute or possess.
The active chemical in cannabis is THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). The more THC cannabis contains, the stronger it is. Cannabis is a depressant. It can have mild hallucinogenic effects. Street or slang names for marijuana include Pot, Grass, Dope, Electric Puha, Hooch and Weed.
Cannabis has three main forms: marijuana, hashish and hash oil.
Marijuana is the most common and least powerful form of cannabis. It is the dried leaves and flowers of the plant. Marijuana looks like chopped grass, and is grey-green to greenish-brown. Its texture can be fine or coarse. It can contain seeds and twigs from the plant. The flowers or "heads" are the most potent part of the plant. Marijuana is smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) or in a pipe (bong).
Hashish (hash) is dried cannabis resin, which comes in small blocks. The blocks are light brown to nearly black. The concentration of THC in hashish is higher than in marijuana. That produces stronger effects. Hash is added to tobacco and smoked, or baked and eaten in foods such as "hash cookies".
Hash oil is a thick, oily liquid, golden-brown to black, which can be extracted from hashish. It is usually spread on the tip or paper of cigarettes and then smoked. Hash oil is more powerful than the other forms of cannabis. A very small amount can have a strong effect, lasting two-three hours.
The effects of cannabis use vary from person to person. Although it’s a depressant, using it doesn’t mean you’ll get depressed – just that it has a mellowing effect. Generally, however, its short-term effects include users feeling stoned or “out of it”. Cannabis can make users feel happy, relaxed and comfortable, but some people feel anxious, self-conscious or have paranoid thoughts. They might feel less inhibited, friendlier and laugh spontaneously. It reduces coordination and balance, making it dangerous to drive or use machinery. Cannabis can impair short-term memory, attention span and the ability to think logically - which makes it harder to complete tasks or concentrate on doing several things at once. Young people who use cannabis can have their concentration and motivation affected, which can harm how well they do at school. Other common immediate effects include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, faintness, and reddened eyes. There also can be a hangover effect like drowsiness and poor coordination that lasts for several hours.
Marijuana cigarettes have more tar than tobacco. Cannabis users thus run an increased risk of respiratory illnesses such as lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. This risk is increased because marijuana smokers often inhale deeply, and hold the smoke in the lungs longer, to increase the effects of the drug. Cigarette smokers who also smoked cannabis have an even greater risk of respiratory disease.
Cannabis is addictive, despite some common misconceptions. There is evidence that prolonged use can increase the risk of developing cancer. There’s also an increased risk of developing chronic bronchitis, damage to the lungs and other respiratory problems.
People with mental health problems are particularly sensitive to the effects of cannabis. It can exacerbate conditions such as paranoia, depression and anxiety. Chronic use can affect fertility in both men & women.
Synthetics
At least 75 people have died after taking synthetic drugs in the last two years.
Chief Coroner Judge Deborah Marshall revealed in September 2019 that since June 2017, 25 people had died as a direct result of synthetic drug toxicity. The remaining cases, where synthetics are possibly the cause of death, were still before Coroners around the country. Chief Coroner Marshall said there were also a number of deaths where, while synthetic drugs contributed, toxicity was not the ultimate cause of death. One of the deaths was Mount Wellington man Joseph Rakete. The 47-year-old was found dead on a Queen St footpath in central Auckland in August 2017 after consuming synthetics with his partner and the mother of their children aged between 11 and 4. Soon after they took the drugs a member of the public saw his partner, Putara, having a seizure and frothing at the mouth. She was roused and rushed to hospital. Her partner Rakete was dead beside her. A post mortem examination showed a combination of synthetics, meth, alcohol and cannabis killed Rakete. Inspector Scott Beard said synthetics were a problem across New Zealand. The drugs were used by old and young and in cities, suburbs and rural areas.
While police were working hard to crack down on manufacturers and suppliers, synthetics remained a big problem.
“Any death is one too many when it comes to drug use,” Beard said. “Ultimately what we are seeing is that harm not only to the individual users but to their families. They suffer the consequences whether there is a hospitalisation or a death.”
Beard said in some areas gangs were driving the synthetics trade. But the gear was so easy to source and sell - and so cheap - that all kinds of people were getting involved.
“It’s easy money to make in terms of supply,” he said. “The fact is synthetics are cheap to buy - but they are very addictive.” Beard said the danger was that people never knew what they were getting when purchasing the drugs, how strong they were and what other chemicals or substances were mixed into them. “Through the media there was a message put out there about synthetics,” he said. “But is that getting to the right people? Sometimes not... Is it still being used? Yes. Is it still linked to deaths? Yes.”
One of the most high profile deaths believed to be linked to synthetics - and still before the Coroner - was 22-year-old Calum Jones. He died on September 1, 2017, at his family home in Henderson just hours after promising his sister Heather he would not use the drugs that day. Jones had been battling an addiction to synthetics for years and had only been home from fulltime rehab for one day when he died. Jonathan Gordon, 23, was later sentenced to community detention and supervision for supplying Jones with the synthetic drugs. Jones’ sister Heather was appalled at the number of deaths linked to synthetics.
“It’s horrific that the number can get so high. I think by treating this as a class A drug it is a step in the right direction but if people are still dying are we really doing enough?” The new figures came shortly after the anniversary of Jones’ death. His sister said her family was still reeling.
“I thought this year would be easier but it still hits just as hard.” Jones’ mother Lorraine said there was simply not enough education or awareness around synthetics - from the public to health and support services.
“After the initial 40 deaths it seemed to get all swept under the carpet,” she said. “People say to me, ‘Oh, but it’s not happening any more’. Yes, yes it is, it’s just not in the media as much.”
Source: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12266172
Synthetic cannabinoids
What are synthetic cannabinoids?
Synthetic cannabinoids are human-made mind-altering chemicals that are either sprayed on dried, shredded plant material so they can be smoked or sold as liquids to be vaporized and inhaled in e-cigarettes and other devices. These products are also known as herbal or liquid incense.
These chemicals are called cannabinoids because they are similar to chemicals naturally found in the marijuana plant such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Because of this similarity, synthetic cannabinoids are sometimes misleadingly called "synthetic marijuana" (or "fake weed"), and they are often marketed as safe, legal alternatives to that drug. In fact, they are not safe and may affect the brain much more powerfully than marijuana; their actual effects can be unpredictable and, in some cases, dangerous or even life-threatening. Synthetic drugs act on the same brain cell receptors as natural marijuana, but are more likely to cause hallucinations and heart problems. Synthetic drugs have also been linked to an increased risk of seizures.
Synthetic cannabinoids are part of a group of drugs called new psychoactive substances (NPS). NPS are unregulated mind-altering substances that have become newly available on the market and are intended to produce the same effects as illegal drugs. Some of these substances may have been around for years but have reentered the market in altered chemical forms, or due to renewed popularity.
False advertising.
Synthetic cannabinoid products are often labelled "not for human consumption." Labels also often claim that they contain "natural" material taken from a variety of plants. However, the only parts of these products that are natural are the dried plant materials. Chemical tests show that the active, mind-altering ingredients are cannabinoid compounds made in laboratories.
Manufacturers sell these products in colourful foil packages and plastic bottles to attract consumers. They market these products under a wide variety of specific brand names. Hundreds of brands now exist, including K2, Spice, Joker, Black Mamba, Kush, and Kronic.
For several years, synthetic cannabinoid mixtures have been easy to buy in drug paraphernalia shops, novelty stores, gas stations, and over the internet. Because the chemicals used in them have no medical benefits and a high potential for abuse, authorities have made it illegal to sell, buy, or possess some of these chemicals. However, manufacturers try to sidestep these laws by changing the chemical formulas in their mixtures.
Easy access and the belief that synthetic cannabinoid products are "natural" and therefore harmless have likely contributed to their use among young people. Another reason for their continued use is that standard drug tests cannot easily detect many of the chemicals used in these products.
How do people use it?
The most common way to use synthetic cannabinoids is to smoke the dried plant material. Users also mix the sprayed plant material with marijuana or brew it as tea. Other users buy synthetic cannabinoid products as liquids to vaporize in e-cigarettes.
What does it feel like?
Synthetic cannabinoids act on the same brain cell receptors as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the mind-altering ingredient in marijuana.
So far, there have been few scientific studies of the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the human brain. Researchers do know that some of them bind more strongly than marijuana to the cell receptors affected by THC, and can produce much stronger effects. The resulting health effects can be unpredictable and dangerous.
Because the chemical composition of many synthetic cannabinoid products is unknown and may change from batch to batch, these products are likely to contain substances that cause dramatically different effects than the user might expect.
Effects.
Synthetic cannabinoid users report some effects similar to those produced by marijuana:
- Elevated mood.
- Relaxation.
- Altered perception - awareness of surrounding objects and conditions.
- Symptoms of psychosis - delusional or disordered thinking detached from reality.
- Dissociation - daydreaming, spacing out, or eyes glazed over.
Psychotic effects include:
- Extreme anxiety.
- Confusion.
- Paranoia - extreme and unreasonable distrust of others.
- Hallucinations - sensations and images that seem real even though they are not.
Other symptoms may include but are not limited to:
- Decreased motor coordination.
- Fast or irregular heartbeat.
- Dizziness.
The danger signs.
People who have used synthetic cannabinoids and have been taken to emergency rooms have shown severe effects including:
- Rapid heart rate.
- Vomiting.
- Violent behaviour.
- Suicidal thoughts.
Source: alcoholdrughelp.org.nz
Synthetic cannabinoids can also raise blood pressure and cause reduced blood supply to the heart, as well as kidney damage and seizures. Use of synthetic drugs in New Zealand has also been linked to renal failure and heart failure. These drugs are associated with a rising number of deaths.
Reducing the use of synthetic cannabinoids.
Synthetic cannabinoids can be addictive. Regular users trying to quit may have the following withdrawal symptoms:
- Headaches.
- Anxiety.
- Depression.
- Irritability.
Behavioural therapies and medications have not specifically been tested for treatment of addiction to these products. Health care providers should screen patients for possible co-occurring mental health conditions.
You could have a substance use disorder if you are:
- Using synthetic cannabinoids more than you want to.
- Finding it hard to stop.
- Missing school, work or family commitments.
- Always thinking about synthetic cannabinoids.
- Need to use a lot to get the same effect.
If you decide to stop or cut back, you are likely to experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. It can be very difficult to stop because withdrawal can come on very quickly. Talk to a trusted friend or family member about your plan and ask them to look out for you and support you. Tips for cutting down include buying less so you use less, delaying your first session of the day, or using a smaller amount than usual.
Where to get help.
Free, nationwide drug and alcohol helplines. They can give advice specific to the situation you are in and remember, you can remain completely anonymous if you wish to.
How to use safely.
Synthetic cannabinoids can be more toxic and addictive than other drugs. It is best not to use them at all, but if you do use them here are some ways to be safer:
- Ensure one person in a group is not using so they can respond in an emergency.
- Sit down before using.
- Use less, less often. Limit use by; mixing it with tobacco, using very small amounts, waiting for effects to wear off before taking more.
- Use thin papers and not card.
- Use very small amounts and wait for the full effect before having more. Use a stopwatch to track how much time has passed. Inexperienced users should wait one hour between use.
- Using precise dosing in a vaporiser is less harmful and less likely to result in an overdose.
- Avoid mixing with alcohol or other drugs as this can increase harmful side effects.
- Bulk out each dose with other plant material to reduce the risk of overdose. Tobacco is one option but this risks nicotine addiction. You can get nicotine-free plant material made for smoking.
- Limit use by using occasionally, such as monthly or during the holidays so that your mind and body have time to recover.
Source: https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/info/drug-index/synthetic-cannabinoids/
How to help a substance abuser.
If you suspect abuse:
A great first step is to call one of New Zealand’s toll-free drug helplines. They can give advice specific to the situation you are in and remember, you can remain completely anonymous if you wish to.
If someone is on synthetic cannabinoids:
If someone is experiencing a synthetic cannabinoid overdose, their life may depend on the actions you take. This brief how-to guide from drugfoundation.org.nz draws on expert advice from New Zealand ambulance services and acute drug harm specialists who responded to many of the incidents of acute harm from synthetic cannabinoids.
If someone falls unconscious after smoking synthetic cannabinoids, they could die. Here's what you can do to help them:
- Ask loudly if they are ok. Shake them gently.
- If they are not responsive, dial 111 and request an ambulance.
- Check they are breathing and place them in a stable side position.
- If they are not breathing, start chest compressions.
People are often very "out of it" or unresponsive after using synthetic cannabinoids. They may collapse or “drop”, foam at the mouth or experience temporary paralysis. Place them in a stable side position if possible and continuously monitor their breathing.
ALWAYS CALL AN AMBULANCE IF SOMEONE:
- Is unconscious.
- Stops breathing.
- Has a seizure.
- Remains agitated for longer than 15 minutes.
- Has difficulty breathing or chest pain lasting 5+ minutes.
Legal implications.
In August 2019 the Misuse of Drugs Amendment Bill passed its final reading - giving police discretion to take a health-centred approach, rather than prosecuting those in possession of class A drugs.
It also classifies the main substances of synthetic drugs - AMB-FUBINACA and 5F-ADB - as Class A drugs and enabled temporary drug class orders to be issued for emerging substances. The penalties for importing, supplying and dealing in Class A drugs include life imprisonment. Possession can get you one year jail time or a $1000 fine, or both.
Reporting.
Someone I know is dealing drugs. What should I do?
- Call Police on 105 or visit your local police station.
- If for whatever reason you do not want to speak to Police directly, contact the organisation Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111 or use the secure online form on the Crimestoppers website
(link is external). It’s completely anonymous, no one will know it was you who passed on the information.
Source: https://www.police.govt.nz/faq/someone-i-know-is-dealing-drugs-what-should-i-do
If you see someone on drugs being violent you may need to call 111.
Sources:
- National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/synthetic-cannabinoids-k2spice
- https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384180/government-moves-to-increase-synthetic-cannabinoids-penalties
Synthetic cathinones
What are synthetic cathinones?
Synthetic cathinones, more commonly known as bath salts, (aka research chemicals, flakka, and meow meow) are human-made stimulants chemically related to cathinone, a substance found in the khat plant. Khat is a shrub grown in East Africa and southern Arabia, where some people chew its leaves for their mild stimulant effects. Human-made versions of cathinone can be much stronger than the natural product and, in some cases, very dangerous.
Synthetic cathinone products marketed as "bath salts" should not be confused with products such as Epsom salts that people use during bathing. These bathing products have no mind-altering ingredients. Synthetic cathinones usually take the form of a white or brown crystal-like powder and are sold in small plastic or foil packages labelled "not for human consumption." They can be labelled as "bath salts," "plant food," "jewellery/jewelry cleaner," or "phone screen cleaner."
Synthetic cathinones are part of a group of drugs that concern public health officials called "new psychoactive substances" (NPS). NPS are unregulated psychoactive mind-altering substances with no legitimate medical use and are made to copy the effects of controlled substances. They are introduced and reintroduced into the market in quick succession to dodge or hinder law enforcement efforts to address their manufacture and sale.
Synthetic cathinones are marketed as cheap substitutes for other stimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and Molly (MDMA). Be advised that these substances are also being mis-sold as MDMA (as a pill, capsule or powder) or cocaine which greatly increases the risk of overdose. Common synthetic cathinones include N-ethylpentalone, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone, mexedrone, and Alpha PVP.
People can buy synthetic cathinones online and in drug paraphernalia stores under a variety of brand names, which include:
- Bliss.
- Cloud Nine.
- Lunar Wave.
- Vanilla Sky.
- White Lightning.
How do people use it?
People typically swallow, snort, smoke, or inject synthetic cathinones.
What does it feel like?
The effects and toxicity of each cathinone are distinct but mostly have similar effects to MDMA or methamphetamine. Much is still unknown about how synthetic cathinones affect the human brain. People sometimes say that many of these drugs can "drop you", which is where the pleasant feelings end abruptly with unpleasant comedown feelings starting too soon.
Researchers do know that synthetic cathinones are chemically similar to drugs like amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA. Paranoia and anxiety are more common with synthetic cathinones compared to the drugs they are trying to mimic. A study found that 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a common synthetic cathinone, affects the brain in a manner similar to cocaine, but is at least 10 times more powerful. MDPV is the most common synthetic cathinone found in the blood and urine of patients admitted to emergency departments after taking "bath salts."
Synthetic cathinones can produce effects that include:
- Paranoia - extreme and unreasonable distrust of others.
- Hallucinations - experiencing sensations and images that seem real but are not.
- Increased friendliness.
- Increased sex drive.
- Panic attacks.
- Excited delirium - extreme agitation and violent behaviour.
Danger signs.
You may feel like taking more when you come off the high which doesn't last as long as other drugs. It's easy to fall into a pattern of re-dosing which, if unchecked, can develop into dependence.
Raised heart rate, blood pressure, and chest pain are some health effects of synthetic cathinones. People who experience delirium often suffer from dehydration, breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, and kidney failure.
Reducing or cutting down use of synthetic cathinones.
Synthetic cathinones can be addictive. Withdrawal can last days or weeks depending on how much and how often the drug was used. There are a range of common symptoms:
- Cravings.
- Sweats.
- Dehydration.
- Irritability.
- Sleeping problems.
- Feeling emotional/low mood.
- Difficulty concentrating.
- Seek help to manage more serious withdrawal symptoms such as:
- Difficulty stopping use.
- Weight loss.
- Suicidal feelings.
- Paranoia, anxiety and panic attacks.
- Uncontrollable anger.
Synthetic cathinones have resulted in a number of New Zealanders experiencing life-threatening reactions including serious psychological distress requiring hospitalisation. The worst outcomes are associated with snorting or needle injection. Intoxication from synthetic cathinones has resulted in death.
Where to get help.
Free, NZ wide helplines for drugs and alcohol. They can give advice specific to the situation you are in and remember, you can remain completely anonymous if you wish to.
How to use safely.
Firstly, keep in mind that all drug use can be harmful and cause problems.
You may not know you have a synthetic cathinone if you were mis-sold it as MDMA or another drug. For this reason, it is best to have your party drugs checked by KnowYourStuffNZ, (check their Facebook page for information on where they will be doing testing) or you can buy a testing kit online, just be aware that they are not always 100% reliable, here’s a New Zealand site that sells synthetic cathinone testers: https://www.mednz.co.nz/categories/narcotics-id-screening-tests. If neither of these are possible, a safer rule of thumb is to use a small amount initially and wait for the full effect before taking more.
- Be safer by taking extra care not to use too much. An active dose of a synthetic cathinone is low (some as low as 10mg which is a tenth of MDMA) and more may bring on unpleasant effects. Use a small, weighed out amount first and wait to feel the full effects before you consider having more.
- Research the synthetic cathinone you have. Find its effects and dosage on Tripsit. If you don't know which one you have, ask KnowYourStuffNZ to identify it, or buy a testing kit online.
- Avoid snorting synthetic cathinones as your body can’t respond as easily compared to swallowing it if you have too much.
- The best way to keep safe is to plan, know your limits, limit your use, and be informed. Go out with people you trust, know how you are getting home, and where you are staying afterwards.
How to help users.
If you suspect abuse a great first step is to call one of New Zealand’s toll-free drug helplines. They can give advice specific to the situation you are in and remember, you can remain completely anonymous if you wish to.
If someone is on synthetic cathinones:
If someone appears unconscious or is in distress after taking a synthetic cathinone they need your help.
- Ask loudly if they are OK. Shake them gently if they appear unconscious.
- If they are not responsive, dial 111 and request an ambulance
- Check they are breathing and place them in a stable side position. If they are not breathing, start chest compressions.
- If they're responsive, do not leave them alone and listen to what they say. Don't force them to do anything they don't want to do.
Always call 111 for an ambulance if someone:
- Is unconscious
- Stops breathing
- Has a seizure
- Is extremely agitated for longer than 15 minutes
- Has chest pain or breathing difficulties for longer than 5 minutes.
Legal implications.
Using, dealing, or possessing illicit drugs comes with consequences, understand the legal implications.
Reporting.
Someone I know is dealing drugs. What should I do?
- Call Police on 105 or visit your local police station.
- If for whatever reason you do not want to speak to Police directly, contact the organisation Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111 or use the secure online form on the Crimestoppers website. It’s completely anonymous, no one will know it was you who passed on the information.
https://www.police.govt.nz/faq/someone-i-know-is-dealing-drugs-what-should-i-do
If you see someone on drugs being violent you may need to call 111.
Call 111 and ask for Police when:
- Someone is badly injured or in danger.
- There's a serious risk to life or property.
- A crime is being committed and the offenders are still there or have just left.
- You've come across a major public inconvenience, such as trees blocking a highway.
If you can't decide if it's a real emergency and you're still worried, call 111 and ask. They'll help you work out what to do.
Sources:
- https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/info/drug-index/cathinones/
- National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/synthetic-cathinones-bath-salts
Party Pills
Party pills, also known as social tonics, pep pills, dance pills, herbal highs, or just herbals – commonly contained the chemical benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) but has expanded to a wide range of compounds with a variety of effects. They usually include a combination of other additives, such as amino acids, piper nigrum, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. Some pills include a combination of vitamins and minerals to reduce the hangover and coming down effects.. Products containing BZP used to be sold legally to anyone aged 18 or over from a variety of retail outlets, including specialist party pill retailers, sex shops and some 24-hour convenience stores, dairies and service stations. However, BZP has been banned in a few countries such as the USA, Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Party pills are psychoactive substances that were designed to mimic the effects of illegal drugs without the addictive qualities and known negative health risks of illegal drugs. They can stimulate the central nervous system and change the natural balance of chemicals in the brain by stimulating the production of serotonin, dopamine and adrenaline.
BZP first appeared when it was created synthetically in 1944 to combat internal parasites in cattle. Later it was found to have antidepressant properties and amphetamine-like effects, which led to its popularity at all-night rave parties in the 1990s.
A huge thank you to https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz for allowing us to use their information on synthetics throughout this article.
Other substances
Tobacco
A lot is said and written about tobacco, and we won't add too much to it here.
However, a few facts might be pertinent. Tobacco smoke contains 4000 chemicals, many of which are poisonous, and 43 that have been proven to be carcinogenic (causing cancer).
Nicotine is the drug in tobacco smoke that causes addiction among smokers. The strength of addiction is said to be as powerful or more so than that of heroin. Nicotine is a poison. Swallowing one drop of pure nicotine can kill an adult.
Tar is released when a cigarette burns. Tar is the main cause of lung and throat cancer in smokers. Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and very toxic gas, which the lungs take up more readily than they do oxygen. High levels of carbon monoxide in the blood is typical of smokers and, with nicotine, increases the risk of heart disease, hardening of the arteries and other circulatory problems.
Tobacco is a legal product. The sale of tobacco products is legal only to people aged 18 and over. About 15,000 asthma attacks in children under 16 are caused by second-hand smoke in New Zealand every year. One in six deaths in New Zealand is related to tobacco use. About 5000 New Zealanders die every year from tobacco (including people who were exposed to second-hand smoke) – that is more than from road crashes, suicide, skin cancers, drowning, homicide and AIDS combined.
We don’t currently have any information on vaping, to learn about vaping devices visit this website: https://vapingfacts.health.nz/
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines (sometimes called benzos) are also referred to as minor tranquillisers. They work by slowing the central nervous system's activity.
Benzodiazepines are produced by chemical synthesis. The benzodiazepine group contains more than 24 specific drugs. Each has a chemical or generic name, and each is sold under one or more brand-names. They are most often prescribed as tablets or capsules. They come in a variety of colours and shapes. Whether taken orally or intravenously the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and circulates through the body.
Medically, benzodiazepines are classified as sedatives/hypnotics (to induce sleep) or anxiolytics (to relieve anxiety). In practice they perform all of these functions, although different ones are prescribed based on how quickly they work and how long they last.
Some doctors prescribe some benzodiazepines to relieve stress and anxiety and to help people sleep. They are also sometimes used to treat epilepsy, to relax muscles, to help people withdraw from alcohol, or as an anaesthetic before surgery.
Some people use benzodiazepines to become intoxicated. People who use heroin sometimes use benzodiazepines when they can't get heroin, when they are trying to get off heroin or to increase the effects of heroin. People who use Speed or Ecstasy might use benzodiazepines to help when they are coming down from a high, and to help them sleep.
The use of benzodiazepines over a long time (more than two to three weeks) is not recommended. Benzodiazepines can help to relieve anxiety in the short term. But they do not solve the problem that caused the anxiety in the first place – they treat the symptoms but not the cause.
Benzodiazepines taken during pregnancy cross the placental barrier and can affect the baby's growth and development. Anyone taking a prescription of benzodiazepines should see a doctor before altering their dosage.
Benzodiazepines can produce withdrawal symptoms in newborn babies, which can last for a week or longer. Withdrawal symptoms can include breathing problems, poor body temperature control, poor muscle tone and sucking difficulties.
Inhalants
Inhalants are volatile substances (many of which are familiar household items) that, when vaporised and inhaled, might make the user feel intoxicated or high. Like alcohol, inhalants are depressants. Street names are Glue, Gas, Sniff, Huff, Chroming (as in the use of chrome paint) and Poppers.
Teenagers are identified as the most prevalent group of inhalant users. Some adults in the dance scene also use inhalants to boost their experience.
Users fall into three broad categories of people:
The experimenter – most teenagers fall into this category. They try it once or twice then stop by themselves.
Social/situational user – usually done with a group of friends. These users often develop other interests and grow out of this practice.
The long-term, dependent user – A few go on to use regularly over a long time.
Reasons young people give for using inhalants are often very similar to the reasons adults give for using alcohol and tobacco. Experimenting with inhalants can be a part of growing up and, for most, it is a passing interest and they move on to other activities.
With short-term use, most products rarely cause damage to the body. But some glue-sniffers have been admitted to hospital, unable to control their movements or speak properly, and sometimes have convulsions. Most of these symptoms clear within a few hours. Some people might have problems with their breathing passages, but even that improves over time.
Long-term users might appear pale, have tremors, lose weight, feel tired and be unusually thirsty. They might also have anaemia because some inhalants affect blood production. The lead in petrol, and some of the chemicals in other inhalants, might build up in the body. This irritates the lining of the stomach and intestines and can cause damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Prolonged and heavy use might even cause stupor or coma, problems with breathing, irregular heartbeat and sometimes seizures.
A small number of people have died from using inhalants. The main danger comes from accidents when high, such as suffocation from plastic bags, choking on vomit when unconscious, and behaving recklessly.
"Sudden sniffing death" has followed the use of aerosol sprays, cleaning and correction fluids, and model aeroplane cement. It is believed that chemicals in these products can cause heart failure, particularly if the user is stressed or does heavy exercise after inhaling.
Most inhalants are common household products. It is illegal for shopkeepers to sell products to someone if they believe that they are to be used for inhaling.
Steroids
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone, testosterone. They come in tablet or liquid form and can be swallowed or injected. Steroids sold illegally might be of poor quality or intended for animal use only.
Steroids are used medically to treat male hormone deficiencies and to build up the body mass of people with medical conditions such as HIV. They are used illegally by athletes and body-builders to boost performance and increase muscle size.
The minor effects are reversible after stopping steroid use. They include hypertension, fluid retention, decreased sex drive, increased acne, colds or flu, and early hair loss. People might also become more aggressive – this is known as "roid rage".
Serious, permanent, effects include bigger breasts, increased chance of heart disease, altered carbohydrate tolerance, bicep tear and rupture, risk of contracting Hepatitis C, HIV, and other infections through sharing unclean needles.
For women the effects also include a deepening voice, more facial hair, an enlarged clitoris, and problems with the regularity of menstrual periods.
Adolescents and children who use steroids might stunt their growth permanently.
Taking larger doses of anabolic steroids does not increase their effects. It simply overloads the muscles and might increase the side-effects.
In New Zealand it is illegal to use steroids without a prescription. Steroid use has been banned in international sport and athletes can be disqualified if found using anabolic steroids.